401(k) Loan: Should You Borrow Money From Your 401(k)? (2024)

FAQs

401(k) Loan: Should You Borrow Money From Your 401(k)? ›

In most cases, it would be better to leave your retirement savings fully invested and find another source of cash. On the flip side of what's been discussed so far, borrowing from your 401(k) might be beneficial long-term—and could even help your overall finances.

Borrowing from your 401(k) isn't ideal, but it does have some advantages, especially when compared to an early withdrawal. Avoid taxes or penalties. A loan allows you to avoid paying the taxes and penalties that come with taking an early withdrawal.

However, there are circ*mstances when you can withdraw from your 401(k) if you have an unpaid loan. For example, if you leave your job or are fired, you could rollover your 401(k) to an IRA or the new employer's 401(k) even if you have an outstanding 401(k) loan.

Any money borrowed from a 401(k) account is tax-exempt, as long as you pay back the loan on time. And you're paying the interest to yourself, not to a bank. You do not have to claim a 401(k) loan on your tax return.

If you have an existing 401(k) loan, you can take another 401(k) loan at any time based on the highest outstanding balance in the previous 12 months. However, if you have exhausted your 401(k) loan limit, you must wait until the lapse of the 12-month rolling period to take a second loan.

If you have a high-interest debt, such as from a credit card with a big balance, you may get a much lower interest rate on a 401(k) loan. If you have upcoming debt payments and no other alternatives for paying them, borrowing from your 401(k) can reduce fees and penalties.

Unlike other loans, 401(k) loans generally don't require a credit check and do not affect a borrower's credit scores. You'll typically be required to repay what you've borrowed, plus interest, within five years. Most 401(k) plans allow you to borrow up to 50% of your vested account balance, but no more than $50,000.

The processing time for a 401(k) loan typically ranges between one to two weeks. However, this timeline is not fixed and can vary based on the specific procedures of your plan administrator and the completeness and accuracy of your application.

A lost opportunity to grow your savings

Taking funds out of your plan account might mean missing out not only on the potential growth of the money you have invested but also on any growth of that money's earnings.

Loans are not taxable distributions unless they fail to satisfy the plan loan rules of the regulations with respect to amount, duration and repayment terms, as described above. In addition, a loan that is not paid back according to the repayment terms is treated as a distribution from the plan and is taxable as such.

How can I avoid paying taxes on my 401k loan? ›

The easiest way to borrow from your 401(k) without owing any taxes is to roll over the funds into a new retirement account. You may do this when, for instance, you leave a job and are moving funds from your former employer's 401(k) plan into one sponsored by your new employer.

401(k) withdrawals

Pros: You're not required to pay back withdrawals and 401(k) assets. Cons: Hardship withdrawals from 401(k) accounts are generally taxed as ordinary income. Also, a 10% early withdrawal penalty applies on withdrawals before age 59½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions.

Though there are some benefits to taking a 401(k) loan compared to other debt—the interest rate is less than most credit cards, plus there's no credit check—it's typically not a good idea to be taking money from your future self in this way.

Overall, you should only take on a loan from your 401(k) if you have exhausted all other funding options because taking money out of your 401(k) means you're hindering it from the most growth over time. You'll be missing out on the power of compound interest when you take money out of your retirement account.

The total loans outstanding cannot exceed $50,000. There is a 12 month "look back" period, which means you can borrow up to 50% of your total vested balance of all accounts you owned for the last 12 months, reduced by the highest outstanding balance over this look back period.

It's important to consider all the possible implications of taking a loan or withdrawal. For instance, borrowing after a severe market decline may “lock in” losses if you are not invested during a market rebound. In effect, you may be selling low and buying high. Remember: Unrepaid loans may be treated like income.

Studies show that such debt is correlated with stress. The size of the debt also matters: Unhappiness and burnout are higher when student loans are larger. Again, this is very likely because carrying the debt inhibits the satisfaction of making progress toward financial freedom and security.

Once you reach 59½, you can take distributions from your 401(k) plan without being subject to the 10% penalty. However, that doesn't mean there are no consequences. All withdrawals from your 401(k), even those taken after age 59½, are subject to ordinary income taxes.